Some Smart Yet Easy Ways to Shield Yourself From Skin Cancer

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — One in five Americans will develop skin cancer at some point in their life, but it can be treated and cured if detected early, a dermatologist says.

“Knowing your own skin is the key to discovering skin cancer early on. See a dermatologist for a skin check if you notice a spot, mole or lump on your body that is changing, growing or bleeding,” said Dr. Mark Lebwohl. He is chair of the dermatology department at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City.

May is Skin Cancer Awareness Month and May 2 is Melanoma Monday. Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer.

Lebwohl described in a school news release how to prevent and detect skin cancer.

• Apply a sunblock with an SPF of 30 or higher to all exposed skin whenever you’re outdoors. Do this throughout the year and even on cloudy days. Reapply about every two hours.
• Wear long-sleeved shirts, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses.
• Never sunbathe and never use tanning beds.
• Have a doctor look for changes to your skin during annual checkups, and check your skin every month. If you have a lot of brown spots, it might be a good idea to ask about total body photography — to create a photographic record of your moles and monitor for changes.

You should also follow the ABCDEs, Lebwohl added, and tell your doctor if you see any of the following in your moles:

• Asymmetry — where one side of a mole is different from the other.
• Borders that are irregular, scalloped or poorly defined.
• Color that varies from one area to another, with shades of tan and brown, black and sometimes white, red or blue.
• Diameters that are the size of a pencil eraser (6 millimeters) or larger. However, some melanomas can be smaller, Lebwohl noted.
• Evolving, which means a mole or other skin feature looks different from the rest or is changing in size, shape and color.

More information

The U.S. National Cancer Institute has more on skin cancer prevention.

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Coffee, Wine Good for Healthy Gut, Sodas May Be Bad

By Dennis Thompson
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — The food you eat and the medicines you take can alter your gut bacteria in ways that either help or harm your health, two new studies suggest.

Foods like fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea, wine, yogurt and buttermilk can increase the diversity of bacteria in a person’s intestines. And that diversity can help ward off illness, said Dr. Jingyuan Fu, senior author of one of the studies.

“It is believed that higher diversity and richness [in gut bacteria] is beneficial,” explained Fu. She is an associate professor of genetics at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands.

On the other hand, foods containing loads of simple carbohydrates appear to reduce bacterial diversity in the gut, Fu and colleagues found. These include high-fat whole milk and sugar-sweetened soda.

In addition, medications can also play a part in the makeup of your gut bacteria. Antibiotics, the diabetes drug metformin and antacids can cut down on gut bacterial diversity, the researchers found. Smoking and heart attacks also can have a negative effect, the team said.

Each person’s intestines contain trillions of microorganisms, which doctors refer to as the “gut microbiome,” said Dr. David Johnson. He is chief of gastroenterology at Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk, Va., and a past president of the American College of Gastroenterology.

The gut microbiome plays an essential but little-understood role in human health, said Johnson, who was not involved with the new studies.

“It’s the largest immune system in the body,” Johnson explained. “These bacteria have a very dramatic and prominent role in determining health and disease.”

To study the effect of lifestyle on the gut microbiome, Fu and her colleagues collected stool samples from more than 1,100 people living in the northern Netherlands.

The samples were used to analyze the DNA of the bacteria and other organisms that live in the gut. In addition to stools, the study collected information on the participants’ diets, medicine use and health.

In the second study, researchers with the Flemish Gut Flora Project performed a similar analysis on stool samples taken from 5,000 volunteers in Belgium.

Both studies concluded that diet has a profound effect on the diversity of gut bacteria, although, Fu said, the “underlying theories of these dietary factors remain largely unknown.”

Johnson added that medicines can have the same effect, and antibiotics actually can kill off some important strains of gut bacteria. “One dose of an antibiotic may disrupt your gut bacteria for a year,” he said.

Both sets of researchers emphasized that their studies only help explain a fraction of gut bacteria variation — roughly 18 percent for the Netherlands study, and about 7 percent for the Flemish study.

However, the findings from the two groups overlapped about 80 percent of the time, indicating that they are on the right track, the researchers said.

The Belgian researchers estimated that over 40,000 human samples will be needed to capture a complete picture of gut bacteria diversity.

Johnson noted that other research has shown that poor sleep, obesity, diabetes and the use of artificial sweeteners also can interfere with gut bacteria.

“The general rule is a balanced diet with high fiber and low carbs tends to drive a better gut health overall,” he said.

According to Fu, once researchers have a clearer understanding of the gut microbiome and its effects on health, doctors could be able to help prevent or heal illness by reading or influencing the bacteria within people’s bodies.

“The personalized microbiome may assist in personalized nutrition, personalized medicine, disease risk stratification and treatment decision-making,” she said.

Both studies were published in the April 29 issue of the journal Science.

More information

Visit the European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility for more on diet and gut bacteria.

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Teen Birth Rate at Record Low in U.S.

By Dennis Thompson
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — The teen birth rate in the United States has reached an all-time low, driven by dramatic declines among black and Hispanic teens, according to a new government report.

Overall, the birth rate for teens aged 15 to 19 declined 41 percent between 2006 and 2014 — dropping from 41.1 live births per 1,000 females down to 24.2, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The greatest declines occurred for Hispanic teens and black teens, where the rates fell by 51 percent and 44 percent, respectively, the CDC said. The birth rate for white teens declined by 35 percent.

“That’s really helped reduce the gap between minority teens and white teens in this country when it comes to teen birth rates,” said report co-author Shanna Cox. She is associate director for science in the CDC’s Division of Reproductive Health.

Any decline in teen birth rates is good news for American society, said Dr. Jennifer Wu, an obstetrician-gynecologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

“Teenage pregnancies have a higher rate of poor outcomes,” Wu said. “Often, these pregnancies are unintended and the mothers face various socioeconomic disadvantages. Teenagers often do not access good prenatal care and this can have a huge impact on the pregnancies.”

Cox said a “one-two punch” is responsible for the continued decline in teen birth rates.

The first “punch” is the promotion and use of effective birth control, particularly the increased use of long-acting reversible contraceptives including IUDs and implants, she said.

IUD and implant use increased from less than 1 percent of teens in 2005 to 7 percent in 2013, according to the CDC. “These devices have a very, very low rate of failure, and they only have to be inserted once,” Cox explained.

The second “punch” is that fewer teens are having sex, and are tending to delay the start of sexual activity, Cox said.

About 53 percent of teens reported in 2013 that they’d never had sex, an increase from 1991 when 46 percent said they’d never had sex, she said.

“We are definitely seeing an increase in the proportion of teens who have never had sex,” Cox said.

In particular, teens appear to be delaying the start of their sexual lives, said Dr. Veronica Gomez-Lobo, a member of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist’s Adolescent Health Care Committee.

“The younger teens seem to be less sexually active than they were 10 years ago,” said Gomez-Lobo. She is a pediatric and adolescent gynecologist with Children’s National Health System in Washington, D.C. “The older teens are as sexually active as they have been, but are using better methods of birth control,” she added.

Despite these reductions, birth rates for black and Hispanic teens still remain twice as high as those of white teens, Cox said.

Teen birth rates varied dramatically across the country, but every state saw a double-digit percentage decrease between 2006 and 2014. Arizona experienced the most dramatic decrease (48 percent), and North Dakota the least (13 percent), the findings showed.

Counties with higher teen birth rates clustered in the southern and southwestern states, but even states with low overall birth rates had pockets of high birth rates in some counties, the CDC reported.

Factors such as high unemployment, less education and lower family income appeared to be associated with higher teen birth rates in those counties, the report found.

To keep teen pregnancy rates on the decline, officials need to look at these counties and figure out how these factors and other potential issues could best be addressed, Cox and Gomez-Lobo said.

Programs targeted to each community’s specific challenges could be very effective, Gomez-Lobo said.

“My personal opinion is some of this, just like violence, is contagious,” she said. “What your community does is what you do.”

The report is published in the CDC’s April 29 issue of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

More information

For more on teen pregnancy, visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Mild Air Pollution of Concern in Pregnancy

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Being exposed to just a small amount of air pollution during pregnancy ups the risk of a pregnancy complication that can cause long-term health problems in children, a new study warns.

“This study raises the concern that even current standards for air pollution may not be strict enough to protect the fetus, which may be particularly sensitive to environmental factors,” said study author Rebecca Massa Nachman. She is a postdoctoral fellow at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore.

“We found biological effects in women exposed to air pollution levels below the EPA standard,” she added in a school news release.

The researchers found that the greater a pregnant woman’s exposure to air pollution, the more likely she was to develop a condition called intrauterine inflammation. This condition is a leading cause of premature birth. It also boosts the risk of health problems for a woman’s child from the fetal stage well into childhood, the researchers explained.

However, the study doesn’t prove a cause-and-effect link. It only shows an association between exposure to air pollution and the pregnancy complication.

“Twenty years ago, we showed that high levels of air pollution led to poor pregnancy outcomes, including premature births. Now we are showing that even small amounts of air pollution appear to have biological effects at the cellular level in pregnant women,” senior study author Dr. Xiaobin Wang said in the news release. Wang is director of the Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease at Bloomberg.

The study authors looked at data from more than 5,000 mostly low-income mother-child pairs in Boston. About two-thirds of the women in the study were exposed to air pollution levels considered acceptable by the EPA. One-third were exposed to levels at or above the agency’s standard, the researchers said.

Women exposed to the highest levels of air pollution were nearly twice as likely as those exposed to the lowest levels to develop intrauterine inflammation. The first trimester appeared to the time of highest risk for the condition, the research revealed.

Most women with intrauterine inflammation have few obvious signs of the condition. But, the placenta — which is typically discarded after birth — offers crucial clues to the condition and could offer other important health information as well, according to the researchers.

“The placenta may be a window into what is going on in terms of early life exposure and what it means for future health problems,” Wang said.

“This organ is discarded, but testing it is noninvasive and could be a valuable source of all kinds of environmental information,” she added.

The study was published online April 27 in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.

More information

The March of Dimes has more on air pollution and pregnancy.

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Could a Cellular Tweak Someday ‘Switch Off’ Gray Hair?

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Researchers who pinpointed two cellular signals that control skin and hair color say their findings might lead to new drugs to treat skin and hair conditions, possibly even gray hair.

One skin condition where the finding could potentially lead to a treatment is vitiligo. Vitiligo is caused by the loss of skin pigmentation and causes blotchy, white patches on the skin.

The findings could also lead to new treatments for gray hair and skin discoloration around scars, said the researchers, led by senior investigator Mayumi Ito. She is an associate professor of dermatology at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City.

The researchers identified the two cellular signals through experiments with mice and human cells.

This is thought to be the first evidence linking the molecular signals to the routine growth of cells that produce pigment (melanocytes) and provide color to skin and hair, the investigators said in a medical center news release.

The study was published online April 28 in the journal Cell Reports.

Vitiligo affects about 1 percent of people worldwide, according to the U.S. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.

More information

The U.S. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases has more about vitiligo.

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‘Freckle’ Gene Might Make You Look Older

By Amy Norton
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Variations in a particular gene may help explain why some people appear more youthful than others, researchers say.

The gene, known as MC1R, is already well known for influencing skin and hair color. Certain variants of MC1R are more common in people with red hair, pale skin and freckles, the researchers said.

Now, a new study suggests those same variants affect “perceived age” — that is, how old you appear to other people.

The researchers found that older adults who carried the “risk” variants of MC1R typically looked two years older than their peers who carried none of those variants. And the connection was independent of their skin tone or whether they had visible sun damage — such as dark spots or wrinkles.

Instead, the gene variants were linked to signs of aging other than wrinkles, said Dr. Orit Markowitz. She is director of the pigmented lesions and skin cancer program at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.

People may think wrinkles are the telltale sign of aging, but changes in “face shape” — like a sagging jaw line — are important, too, said Markowitz, who was not involved in the study.

She called the findings “very interesting,” and said they potentially point to one piece of the biological “fountain of youth.”

Of course, said David Gunn, one of the researchers on the study, there is no single youthfulness gene, and many factors affect how your looks change with age — including genes and lifestyle.

“This one gene variant only has a small effect on facial aging overall,” said Gunn. He is a senior scientist at Unilever, the United Kingdom- and Netherlands-based consumer goods company.

“I would encourage people to focus on their lifestyle rather than worrying about their genes,” Gunn said. Those lifestyle measures include not smoking, avoiding excessive sun exposure and eating a healthy diet, he noted.

Still, Gunn said, understanding the biological “secrets” of youthful-looking people might lead to “innovative ways” to help slow the facial aging process.

For the study, Gunn’s team combed the genomes (complete DNA) of nearly 2,700 older Dutch adults, looking for genetic variants that were linked to people’s perceived age. A group of “assessors” rated each person’s age based on a digital facial image.

It turned out that people who carried two copies of a “risk” variant of MC1R looked two years older, on average, than people of the same age who did not carry any of those variants.

Since those same variants are common among people with fair skin, it might seem the explanation would lie there, according to Gunn. Pale skin is more prone to sun damage and the consequent signs of aging.

But, his team found the MC1R variants were tied to faster facial aging regardless of skin tone or evidence of sun damage.

Gunn explained that although the variants are common among people with fair skin, people with a darker complexion can also carry them.

Plus, the gene mutations were mainly linked to signs of aging other than wrinkles — such as thinning lips and sagging skin along the jaw.

“This suggests the gene is affecting facial aging through some unknown route,” Gunn said.

The MC1R gene is linked to other biological processes, including repair of DNA damage, Gunn pointed out. But it’s not clear whether that explains the gene’s connection to facial aging, he said.

Since the study participants were all older white adults, no one knows if the genetic findings would be the same in other racial groups or in younger people.

Gunn speculated that a 40-year-old carrying the “risk” variants might look slightly older, but probably not by two years.

The study was published in the April 28 online edition of the journal Current Biology.

More information

The American Academy of Dermatology has more on skin aging.

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‘You’ve Got Cancer’ Can Take Devastating Mental Toll

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — A cancer diagnosis is dreaded by all, and a new study details the psychological damage it often leaves in its wake for patients.

The Swedish study found much higher rates of anxiety, depression and even drug and alcohol abuse for those who’ve been told “you have cancer,” compared to healthier people.

Cancer doctors weren’t surprised, and noted that some patients are more prone to this type of distress than others.

“For people that are barely keeping their lives in order, a cancer diagnosis can tip them over the edge,” said Dr. Stephanie Bernik, chief of surgical oncology at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

In the study, a team led by Dr. Donghao Lu, of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, compared outcomes for more than 304,000 cancer patients against more than 3 million cancer-free people in Sweden.

The investigators found that risks of anxiety, depression and substance abuse all rose for cancer patients — even beginning 10 months before their cancer diagnosis. The risk peaked in the first week after a confirmation of their cancer, and then decreased somewhat. However, the risk for mental health woes remained elevated up to 10 years after diagnosis, Lu’s team said.

The researchers also found that cancer patients’ use of psychiatric medications rose one month before a diagnosis, peaked about three months after diagnosis, and remained elevated for two years.

“The findings highlight the need to try to provide emotional and psychological support to people diagnosed with cancer,” said Bernik.

Dr. Victor Fornari directs child and adolescent psychiatry at Cohen Children’s Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y. He said that doctors should always be “vigilant” for the onset of new mental health issues in patients who are suspected of having cancer, and those who have been told they have a malignancy.

The study was published online April 28 in the journal JAMA Oncology.

More information

The American Cancer Society has more on coping with cancer.

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Two Genes May Raise Odds for Fraternal Twin Pregnancies

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Although it’s long been known that fraternal twins run in families, researchers say they’ve just pinpointed two genes that seem to be associated with having such twins.

Fraternal twins occur when two separate eggs are fertilized with two separate sperm, creating two genetically unique children in the same pregnancy.

One gene variant — called FSHB — increased the odds of having twins by 18 percent, according to the study. FSHB is associated with higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which increases the likelihood that a woman’s ovaries will release multiple eggs at the same time. And, multiple eggs boost the odds that more than one egg will get fertilized at the same time, the researchers explained.

The second genetic variant — SMAD3 — upped the odds of fraternal twins by 9 percent, the study found. SMAD3 likely plays a role in how the ovaries respond to FSH, the researchers said.

Women with both variants were 29 percent more likely to have twins, the study showed.

The study was published April 28 in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

“There’s an enormous interest in twins, and in why some women have twins while others don’t,” study author Dorret Boomsma, said in a journal news release. She’s a biological psychologist at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands.

“The question is very simple, and our research shows for the first time that we can identify genetic variants that contribute to this likelihood,” Boomsma added.

The findings stem from genetic analyses of more than 5,500 women from Europe, the United States and Australia who conceived fraternal twins with and without fertility treatment. The study also included genetic information on more than 300,000 women who didn’t have twins.

According to the researchers, the results are important for infertility research. FSH is injected to stimulate the ovaries and obtain eggs for in-vitro fertilization, but some women’s ovaries over-respond to the hormone, the study authors explained.

The researchers said they plan to develop a genetic test to identify women at risk for this problem.

More information

The March of Dimes has more about multiple-child pregnancies.

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Two Genes May Raise Odds for Fraternal Twin Pregnancies

THURSDAY, April 28, 2016 (HealthDay News) — Although it’s long been known that fraternal twins run in families, researchers say they’ve just pinpointed two genes that seem to be associated with having such twins.

Fraternal twins occur when two separate eggs are fertilized with two separate sperm, creating two genetically unique children in the same pregnancy.

One gene variant — called FSHB — increased the odds of having twins by 18 percent, according to the study. FSHB is associated with higher levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which increases the likelihood that a woman’s ovaries will release multiple eggs at the same time. And, multiple eggs boost the odds that more than one egg will get fertilized at the same time, the researchers explained.

The second genetic variant — SMAD3 — upped the odds of fraternal twins by 9 percent, the study found. SMAD3 likely plays a role in how the ovaries respond to FSH, the researchers said.

Women with both variants were 29 percent more likely to have twins, the study showed.

The study was published April 28 in the American Journal of Human Genetics.

“There’s an enormous interest in twins, and in why some women have twins while others don’t,” study author Dorret Boomsma, said in a journal news release. She’s a biological psychologist at Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, in the Netherlands.

“The question is very simple, and our research shows for the first time that we can identify genetic variants that contribute to this likelihood,” Boomsma added.

The findings stem from genetic analyses of more than 5,500 women from Europe, the United States and Australia who conceived fraternal twins with and without fertility treatment. The study also included genetic information on more than 300,000 women who didn’t have twins.

According to the researchers, the results are important for infertility research. FSH is injected to stimulate the ovaries and obtain eggs for in-vitro fertilization, but some women’s ovaries over-respond to the hormone, the study authors explained.

The researchers said they plan to develop a genetic test to identify women at risk for this problem.

More information

The March of Dimes has more about multiple-child pregnancies.

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Can You Lose Weight On the Mindfulness Diet?

Photo: Getty Images

Do anything three times a day, every day of your life, and you’re bound to get bored. Eating is no different. Humans, however, are masters of distraction—which is how our screens became our loyalest dining companions. But they can get in the way of a healthy diet and a healthy weight in ways you may not realize.

Researchers in the fast-growing field of mindfulness research are learning that simply changing how we eat might be a key to weight loss. Mindful practices like meditation are being used as tools to improve health, lessen pain and dodge sickness in large part because they reduce stress. And since stress is often at the root of overeating, mindfulness seems to make us eat better meals, which means it’s likely possible to lose weight without dieting.

Mindfulness is the act of focusing attention on present-moment experiences. Apply that to a meal, and mindful eating means actually paying attention to the food you’re eating, making you less likely to thoughtlessly plow through a bag of potato chips, for instance. “The only thing you have to focus on is the food,” says Michael Mantzios, a mindfulness researcher and lecturer in health psychology at Birmingham City University in the U.K. “Mindfulness brings you back to the present moment, back to the present meal.”

According to new research, mindfulness sharpens a person’s ability to recognize internal cues that signal hunger and fullness. In a 2016 study, researchers taught people a short body scan meditation that primes them to become more aware of their own body. (Try out our guided meditation below to see what it’s like.) The meditators then received either a small or large Snickers bar. Later, they were allowed to eat as many chocolate cookies as they liked.

Something special seemed to happen to the people who did the body scan meditation. While they didn’t necessarily eat less than everyone else, they adjusted their cookie consumption to compensate for what they’d already eaten—meaning that people who had the large candy bar ate fewer cookies than people who had the small Snickers. “What’s interesting is it had an effect not so much on consumption, but on compensation over time,” says study co-author Evelien van de Veer, who at the time of conducting the research was a doctoral candidate at the Marketing and Consumer Behavior Group at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. The researchers saw no such compensation from people who hadn’t received mindfulness training, or from those who had been taught a mindfulness exercise focused on their environment instead of their body.

That caloric balancing act may be a long-term habit of the mindful. In the same paper, the authors tracked people for about three years and measured their mindfulness scores with questionnaires. People who were more mindful and paid more attention to body sensations didn’t weigh less than their less mindful peers, but they experienced fewer weight fluctuations over time.

Mindfulness also helps take the claws out of cravings. “When you see a cake or chips, you think about what it would be like to take some of it, what it would feel like in your mouth,” says Esther Papies, a social psychologist studying self-regulation and health behaviors at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. “All of that is based on your previous experiences. In neuroimaging research, you activate the same areas in brain simulations as you do when you actually eat the food.” That’s what makes it so tempting to tear into something salty or sweet.

But mindfulness can disrupt that automatic reaction by reducing the appeal of unhealthy foods, Papies says. Through her research, she’s discovered that the trick is to think of your food craving, when it pops up, as nothing more than a mere thought. “It’s really like a soap bubble,” she says. “As soon as you touch it, it’s going to disperse.”

It’s not easy to get people to think mindfully about their food, however. “We cannot convince people to stay on a diet, to do very basic things,” says Mantzios. “How can they commit to a lifestyle change that involves meditation?”

Mantzios wondered if there was a shortcut to mindful eating that didn’t involve meditating. He created a food diary—with questions like “how does this meal smell?” and “what are the colors and textures of it?”—for people to fill in while they ate. Surprisingly, people who used the diary lost just as much weight as those on a meditation program. Three months later, they even surpassed the meditation group in maintaining their weight loss.

Best of all, people did not even have to write in their answers to reap the benefits. Another experiment found that just considering the questions in the diary, without putting pen to paper, resulted in a more mindful meal.

Now, Mantzios asks himself those same questions when he sits down to a meal. “I’ll try it, smell it and see whether this food is actually causing me any joy, and this will define whether I eat it or not,” he says. “I think this is the way we should live our lives, really.”

This article originally appeared on Time.com.

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