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Tough Handgun Law Linked to Lower Gun-Related Murder Rate in Connecticut

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — A tough handgun licensing law may have reduced gun-related murders in Connecticut by nearly half, a new study suggests.

The 1995 law requires people to obtain a permit or license — after passing a background check — to buy a handgun. Prospective handgun purchasers must apply in person with local police, regardless of whether the seller is a licensed dealer or private seller.

The law also increased the minimum handgun purchasing age from 18 to 21, and requires prospective buyers to complete at least eight hours of approved handgun safety training.

In the 10 years after the law was introduced, the gun-related murder rate fell 40 percent. Murders committed by other means did not decline, according to the study published online June 11 in the American Journal of Public Health.

While the study found an association between the tough law and lower gun-related murder rates, it did not prove that one caused the other.

The study will be highlighted at a press conference hosted by Faiths United Against Gun Violence at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. on June 11.

“Permit-to-purchase laws, which require prospective handgun purchasers to first obtain a license from the police after passing a comprehensive background check, appear to reduce the availability of handguns to criminals and other people who are not legally permitted to buy guns,” study author Daniel Webster, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research, said in a Hopkins news release.

“Licensing handgun purchasers is a particularly effective way to achieve comprehensive background checks and keep people from buying guns for people who are not legally allowed to own them,” he added.

In a previous study, Webster found that after Missouri repealed its handgun license law in 2007, there was a 25 percent rise in gun-related murders.

“Taken together, these studies provide compelling evidence that permit-to-purchase licensing systems is one of the most effective policies we have to reduce gun violence,” Webster said.

Ten states and the District of Columbia have handgun licensing laws.

More information

The U.S. National Institute of Justice has more about gun violence.





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Why Jennifer Aniston Gave Herself a Tanning Intervention

Photo: Getty Images

Photo: Getty Images

Jennifer Aniston always manages to look like she just came back from a tropical vacation, with her sun-kissed highlights, casual-chic wardrobe, and perfectly tan skin. But now Aniston says she’s rethinking that last part of her look.

“I gave myself a sun-tanning intervention a few years ago, where I was basically saying, ‘Let’s just quit while we’re ahead,” Aniston recently told People StyleWatch. “I was not that great as a kid with sunscreen. That’s one of my big regrets.”

Aniston is a well-documented sun-worshipper: “Honestly, this is going to sound so silly—going in the sun for 20 minutes a day is really important, vitamin D, because we are now having a vitamin D deficiency because of all the SPF,” the actress told O.K. magazine back in 2012.

RELATED: 15 Biggest Sunscreen Mistakes

She wasn’t entirely wrong; vitamin D is necessary for bone health because it helps your body absorb calcium. And while a few minutes in the sun is one way to get it, there are plenty of other ways that don’t involve exposing your skin to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, including getting it via fortified foods.

Deliberately tanning, however, is not worth the risk: UV rays are the most preventable cause of skin cancer. And according to a new study published in the journal Science, the cancer-causing DNA damage that occurs when you bask in the sun (and gives you that glow) may even continue for hours after you head back inside.

That’s not to say that you should remain indoors 24/7, or skip the loveliness that is the beach. But when you do head out, try to limit your time in the sun during peak brightness hours (about 10 a.m. to 3 p.m.), wear sun-protective clothing, and slather on the sunscreen.

Aniston said she now uses a moisturizer with SPF when she heads outside. Follow suit and make sure to hit any exposed spots on your body (even backs of hands and tops of feet) with sunscreen in addition to applying it to your face.

RELATED: 6 Things Your Dermatologist Wants You to Know About Skin Cancer




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As Mosquito-Borne Illnesses Threaten U.S., Less Money Spent Fighting Them

By Dennis Thompson
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Diseases spread by mosquitos pose a growing threat to the health of Americans, with the risk at its greatest during these hot summer months.

But you wouldn’t know that from the amount of money being spent to track West Nile virus, dengue, chikungunya and other illnesses spread by pests like mosquitos, ticks and fleas, a new study reports.

Funding has dropped by nearly two-thirds for state and local surveillance programs aimed at preventing insect-borne diseases, according to a report published online June 10 in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.

The decrease in funding has led to the partial dismantling of these programs, making it tougher to prevent or respond to outbreaks, said study author Dr. James Hadler, a professor of epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health, in New Haven, Conn.

“We can’t put out specific information about current or potential outbreaks, and we can’t respond as early,” Hadler said. “More importantly, we don’t know whether we should take action to reduce the mosquito population, to preemptively prevent an outbreak from occurring.”

The money has dried up even though insect-borne illnesses are more dangerous than ever to public health, Hadler added.

In 2012, the United States had its worst year for West Nile virus in nearly a decade, he said. The mosquito-borne virus killed 286 people — the most ever in a single year — and caused more than 5,600 illnesses, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

In addition, new viruses spread by bugs have emerged. Chikungunya and dengue viruses emerged in mosquito-infested parts of the United States for the first time in 2014, and cases of tick-spread Powassan virus have grown rapidly in the Northeast and Great Lakes regions, Hadler said.

Despite this, federal funding for programs to track insect-borne diseases has gone from a high of $24 million in 2004 down to just $9.3 million in 2012, the authors found — a reduction of 61 percent.

Many states have not stepped up to maintain funding for the programs, resulting in less tracking of insect populations and slower responses to disease outbreaks, Hadler said.

Four out of five states reported that their tracking programs for insect-borne illnesses are currently understaffed, the study found. Epidemiologists, laboratory workers and mosquito-control experts are needed to keep up with the workload.

That’s because funding problems have caused a 28 percent decrease in total staffing for these programs at the state level, researchers found. The number of people working at least half-time on insect-borne diseases fell 41 percent.

This is all part of a “boom and bust” cycle that has developed regarding public health threats in the United States, said Dr. Jeff Duchin, chair of the Infectious Diseases Society of America’s Public Health Committee.

A public health threat emerges and the federal government throws a lot of money at it, Duchin said. States use the money to develop programs that will help them deal with the threat in the future.

But then a new health threat comes along, and federal dollars are shifted to respond to that, he said. States don’t have either the money or the inclination to maintain full funding for the program aimed at the older threat, and so that program withers on the vine.

“People are laid off and programs are dismantled,” said Duchin, who is Health Officer of Public Health — Seattle & King County in Washington. “It’s a really bad way to do business. It’s not possible to do optimal disease surveillance and prevention when funding continually expands and contracts. We can’t maintain a skilled workforce, or the necessary connections with local health departments.”

Prior to the West Nile virus outbreaks in 1999, the federal government did not fund tracking of insect-borne diseases, and many states had no surveillance programs in place, the authors said in background information.

In response to West Nile, the CDC issued grants that helped states improve their ability to control mosquito populations and track mosquito-borne diseases, the authors said. This money also helped track viruses spread by ticks and fleas.

These programs have proven essential, said Dr. Paul Lee, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, N.Y.

“To really know the enemy, you need to have the funding to have the proper personnel and equipment available to be able to tell what’s going on,” Lee said. “The best way to deal with these outbreaks is preemptively. Once the outbreak happens, you’ve failed, and now you have to play catch-up.”

Given the continuing threat posed by insect-borne illnesses, federal and state officials need to reconsider their decision to let this funding lapse, Hadler said.

“We need to figure out how to build our capacity back up again, or decide whether we are willing to live with the consequences,” he said. “With global warming, insect-borne illnesses are only going to increase.”

More information

Visit the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for more on insect-borne infectious diseases.





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Educating Stroke Survivors Helps Them Spot Another Stroke Faster

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Stroke survivors who receive extensive stroke education are much more likely to recognize symptoms of another stroke and seek immediate treatment, a new study shows.

The research included nearly 1,200 Hispanic, black and white survivors of mild stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Their average age was 63. They all received culturally tailored educational material about recognizing and reacting to stroke symptoms.

Some of the patients also underwent in-hospital group sessions in which they practiced how to describe stroke symptoms to emergency medical services workers and watched videos from stroke survivors on preparedness.

Over five years of follow-up, 224 of the patients had another stroke or experienced stroke-like symptoms. Forty-two percent of those patients arrived at an emergency department within three hours.

Only 28 percent of patients in the study had gone to the ER within three hours when they had their first stroke or TIA. So, the stroke education led to a 49 percent improvement in the rate of people getting to the hospital quickly. Among Hispanics, there was a 63 percent increase, the researchers noted.

That timeframe is important because the clot-busting drug tPA is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to be given within three hours of the start of stroke symptoms.

The study was published June 11 in the journal Stroke.

“The continued low rates of people arriving to the emergency department within three hours of stroke symptoms suggests that we may not be effectively disseminating existing materials on stroke preparedness,” study author Bernadette Boden-Albala, a professor of public health, dentistry and neurology, and associate dean of program development at the Global Institute of Public Health at New York University, said in a journal news release.

“Our findings suggest that at minimum, clear, simple, preparedness-focused messages before hospital discharge — and possibly follow-up reinforcement — results in greater proportion of early emergency room arrivals,” she added.

Boden-Albala noted that racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to have stroke, and they’re more likely to have worse outcomes from their strokes compared to whites. Another important difference, she said, is that minority patients often come later to the emergency room for treatment.

“Our study is the first to show that culturally tailored, health literature educational materials can decrease these racial disparities in stroke preparedness outcomes,” she said.

More information

The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has more about stroke.





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Graphic Warnings May Work Best to Keep Women From Tanning Beds

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Disturbing images of skin cancer are more likely to make young women reconsider indoor tanning than the text-only warnings currently required by U.S. regulators, a new study suggests.

According to a team at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., nearly 30 percent of young, white women in the United States use indoor tanning each year, and half of them use indoor tanning 10 times or more a year.

“In terms of a public health issue, indoor tanning is a perfect storm — young people, primarily women, indoor tan, which raises their risk of potentially deadly skin cancer. Yet, there are few prevention efforts targeting young adult women,” lead researcher Darren Mays, an assistant professor of oncology at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, said in a center news release.

Currently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration requires indoor tanning machines to simply display a text warning saying: “Attention: This sunlamp product should not be used on persons under the age of 18 years.”

The new study involved nearly 700 white women in their late-teens and 20s who tanned indoors at least once a year. The researchers found that text-only warnings were not nearly as effective in turning women off of indoor tanning as were text warnings that were also accompanied by graphic images of skin cancer.

Mays believes that “the stakes are really high because indoor tanning is a source of cancer that is entirely preventable.”

Skin cancer remains the most common type of cancer in the United States, with nearly 4 million cases diagnosed each year, according to a U.S. Surgeon General’s report released last year. According to Mays, experts now estimate that indoor tanning accounts for about 10 percent of those cases.

He also noted that melanoma — the most deadly type of skin cancer — is among the most widely diagnosed cancers among women younger than 40.

The study was published June 11 in the American Journal of Public Health.

More information

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about indoor tanning.





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U.S. Kids Not Drinking Enough Water Each Day

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Many American children and teens aren’t consuming enough liquids — especially water — and that lack of hydration could affect their physical and mental health, a new study suggests.

The findings “highlight a potential health issue that has not been given a whole lot of attention in the past,” study author Erica Kenney, a postdoctoral research fellow in social and behavioral sciences at the Harvard School of Public Health, said in a Harvard news release.

“Even though for most of these kids this is not an immediate, dramatic health threat, this is an issue that could really be reducing quality of life and well-being for many, many children and youth,” she added.

One expert in child health agreed.

“Children — due to their slower acclimation to heat and greater surface area than adults — can be more susceptible to dehydration than adults,” said Nancy Copperman, who directs public health initiatives at North Shore-LIJ Health System in Great Neck, N.Y.

That, “coupled with an already impaired hydration status, can have physiological problems such as [neurological] issues, increased demands on their kidneys and heat stroke,” she explained.

In the study, Harvard University researchers looked at data from more than 4,000 children and teens, aged 6 to 19, who took part in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2009 and 2012.

About half of the children and teens weren’t getting enough hydration. The likelihood of inadequate hydration was 76 percent higher in boys than girls, and 34 percent higher in blacks than whites, the researchers said.

Nearly one-quarter of the study participants said they drank no plain water at all, according to the study published online June 11 in the American Journal of Public Health.

Another expert wasn’t surprised by the findings.

“Lack of water ingestion is a significant issue for America’s children, with multiple causes,” said Dr. Ron Marino, associate chair of pediatrics at Winthrop-University Hospital in Mineola, N.Y.

“During the school day, access to water may be limited, and many children may even avoid consuming water because they prefer not to use the bathrooms at school,” he said. “This may stem from lack of privacy, embarrassment, or even bullying or other risks associated with being in the bathroom,” he suggested.

“The food industry is also a contributor as they are selling juices, sports drinks and water,” Marino added. “The good old water fountain or a refillable water bottle may lack appeal to trend-conscious kids.”

The Harvard researchers said that proper hydration is crucial for physical processes such as circulation, metabolism, temperature regulation and water removal. Excessive dehydration can cause serious problems, they said, but even mild dehydration can cause headaches, irritability, poor circulation, reduced physical performance, and poorer mental functioning.

However, “the good news is that this is a public health problem with a simple solution,” study senior author Steven Gortmaker, a professor of the practice of health sociology, said in the news release.

“If we can focus on helping children drink more water — a low-cost, no-calorie beverage — we can improve teir hydration status, which may allow many children to feel better throughout the day and do better in school,” he said.

Copperman agreed. “The study indicated that by increasing water intake by 1 cup or 8 ounces per day, hydration was improved,” she said.

She also offered up some tips for parents to help boost their child’s water intake:

  • “Keep water cold. Add frozen water bottles to a child’s lunch pack,” she said. The bottles will keep their lunch cold and thaw throughout the day so they are cool to drink. Cold water tastes better to children than room temperature.
  • “Don’t rely on a child’s thirst. Thirst is not a good indicator of hydration,” Copperman said. Children need to have access to water throughout the day.
  • “Try infusing water with fruit (such as oranges), vegetables (such as cucumbers), or herbs (such as mint) to give the water a flavor without adding extra sugars,” she advised.

More information

The U.S. National Institutes of Health explains the importance of drinking enough water.





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Synthetic Pot a Growing Danger, CDC Report Finds

By Steven Reinberg
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Calls to poison centers for problems caused by synthetic marijuana spiked more than 220 percent since last year, according to a new U.S. government report.

That includes a 330 percent increase in calls from January 2015 to April 2015, the report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said.

Officially known as synthetic cannabinoid and sold under such names as Spice, K2, Black Mamba and Crazy Clown, the products are made by spraying psychoactive chemicals onto plant material.

Despite these problems and attempts to have them banned, they remain on the market as herbal products and are readily available, according to Royal Law, author of the new report and an epidemiologist with the CDC.

“These products mimic the active ingredient in marijuana, a synthetic version of which is spayed on plant material and smoked to get a high,” Law said. “This is an emerging public health threat.”

According to the report, between January 2015 and May 2015, poison centers in 48 states logged almost 3,600 calls related to synthetic marijuana use. During the same period last year, these centers received about 1,100 calls.

Even more surprising is the most recent jump in calls. In April this year, more than 1,500 calls were made to poison control centers, up from about 350 in January 2015.

What’s worse, 15 deaths have been reported in 2015 — a three-fold increase over the five deaths reported in 2014, the researchers noted.

Most of the people who call poison centers for bad reactions to synthetic marijuana are between 20 and 29 years old, Law said. Also, 81 percent of callers are male, the report said.

Law said that the most frequent calls to poison centers about reactions to synthetic marijuana were for agitation, tachycardia (a very fast heartbeat), drowsiness or lethargy, vomiting and confusion. He said the reason for the dramatic increase in calls isn’t known.

Although the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency has banned some of these products, manufacturers skirt the ban by labeling their products as herbal incense. Some manufacturers have labeled their products “not for human consumption,” Law said.

“Even though these products are often marketed as natural and safe, they are not,” he said. “We have seen very severe health effects and even deaths.”

The findings are in the June 12 issue of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

Dr. Scott Krakower, the assistant unit chief of psychiatry at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y., said, “It’s unclear why these calls are rising.”

Krakower said people don’t realize that these products aren’t benign and can have profound health effects. “They feel these products are harmless or they just don’t know about their dangers,” he said.

People should be cautious about using these products, he warned. “They can cause severe paranoia, agitation and depression. They are really quite dangerous.”

More information

For more information on synthetic marijuana, visit the American Association of Poison Control Centers.





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Car Crash Risk Doubles for New Users of Sleeping Pills, Study Finds

By Steven Reinberg
HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, June 11, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Sedative sleeping pills such as Ambien can nearly double the risk for car accidents among new users compared with nonusers, new research suggests.

University of Washington researchers found an increased risk for crashes for people taking Restoril (temazepam), Desyrel (trazodone) or Ambien (zolpidem).

That risk continued for up to a year among regular users, according to the study.

“Risks associated with sleeping pills have been known for some time, though this study shows some compelling real-world consequences,” said Michael Grandner, an instructor in psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, who had no involvement with the study.

Doctors, pharmacists and patients should discuss this potential risk when selecting a sleep medication, the researchers said.

Concerns about Ambien have increased in recent years. To cut down on hazards linked to daytime drowsiness, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2013 required lower recommended doses of Ambien products, labeling changes and a recommendation to avoid driving the day after taking extended-release Ambien CR.

“This finding is shockingly not shocking. Sleeping pills are a huge problem,” said Dr. Christopher Winter, a spokesman for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

“This study screams that many doctors do not know how to treat sleep patients,” he said. “You have to develop a plan to deal with their sleep, not merely sedate them.”

The recommended first-line treatment for insomnia is not medication, but cognitive behavioral therapy, Grandner said. This type of talk therapy “uses a set of tools to change your schedule and essentially reprogram your brain for sleep,” he explained.

Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective and much safer than many prescription sleeping medications, Grandner said. “If you have severe insomnia, you may wish to seek out an insomnia specialist who is trained to fix these sorts of problems without sleeping medications,” he added.

For the new report, published online June 11 in the American Journal of Public Health, Ryan Hansen of the University of Washington in Seattle, and colleagues looked at prescription records and motor vehicle crash records of more than 400,000 Washington state drivers who had a drug benefit in the Group Health Cooperative insurance plan. Participants were followed until death, unenrollment or the study’s end.

Trazodone — an antidepressant used for insomnia — was the most commonly prescribed sedative, followed by temazepam (Restoril) and zolpidem (Ambien), the findings showed.

Of the three drugs, which are all considered sedative hypnotic medications, temazepam appeared to have the least risk for crashes, the study found.

Overall, the risk of crashing related to use of these sedatives was similar to the crash risk associated with driving drunk, the researchers said.

The trouble, Winter said, is that Americans are fixated on sleep and getting to sleep fast. They may not realize that many sleeping pills are addictive and can worsen the quality of your sleep, he added.

Sleeping pills have their uses, Winter acknowledged. They can help people who have suffered a tragic event or need to adjust to a new work schedule, but they should not become a regular habit, he said.

Someone who has a couple of nights of bad sleep shouldn’t panic, Winter said. It is worry about not sleeping that adds to sleep problems and can perpetuate insomnia, he explained.

“There is no harm to insomnia,” he added.

“Maybe my night will be terrible and maybe I’ll be sleepy tomorrow,” is how Winter looks at a restless night. “I can deal with that. By the next night my sleep will be fine.”

More information

For more about insomnia, visit the National Sleep Foundation.





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The Truth About the Connection Between Your Cat and Mental Illness

Photo: Getty Images

Photo: Getty Images

You love your cat, but she can really mess with your mind—according to the headlines this week, at least.

New research links growing up in a cat-owning household to mental illness, including schizophrenia, later on. The possible reason? No, not because of your kitty’s at-times two-faced behavior or lack of eye contact, but due to a parasite that cats often carry called Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which has been linked to the development of schizophrenia.

But really, you don’t need to freak.

RELATED: Healthy Steps for a Cleaner Pet

The study, published in the June issue of Schizophrenia Research, replicates previous findings linking growing up around cats to an increased risk for mental illness. But the idea that your cat is a big risk factor is a “major misconception,” the study’s author and associate director of research at Stanley Medical Research Institute E. Fuller Torrey, MD, explained to Health. “It is a minor risk factor. For example, it increases chances of getting schizophrenia from 1:100 to 2-3:100.”

In addition, you can’t pick up T. gondii just by petting your cat. The most common way it transfers from cat to human is via handling feces and then accidentally ingesting the parasite (for example, you touch your face before washing your hands).

All that said, the parasite, which an estimated 60 million Americans carry, can make you sick, so it’s best to take precaution where you can. T. gondii is responsible for an illness called toxoplasmosis, which can cause flu-like symptoms, eye damage, and miscarriage or fetal development disorders. (It’s the reason pregnant women are advised against scooping the litter box.) For most people, upon infection the flu-like symptoms subside after a few weeks and only those with depressed immune systems develop serious problems; most carriers of the parasite have no idea they have it, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

RELATED: The Most Toxic Places in Your Home: Your Cat’s Litter Box

Cats pick up the parasite in the first place from other infected rodents or birds by hunting outside or coming into contact with the feces of an infected cat, according to the ASPCA. If your cat doesn’t hunt or go outside, this greatly reduces the chances she’ll get it.

“Cats kept exclusively indoors are quite safe,” Dr. Torrey adds.  “For outdoor cats pregnant women should not change the litter box and children’s sandboxes should be covered at all times when not in use.” If you can’t keep kitty inside, the best advice is to clean the litter box daily, since the parasite is only infectious one to five days after being shed in cat poop. It’s also a good idea to wear gloves and wash up afterwards.

Dr. Torrey also suggests using gloves when gardening as “cats use both gardens and sandboxes as bathrooms.”

RELATED: 10 Ways to Keep Your Cat Healthy




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Move of the Week: Goblet Squat

Sick of regular old squats? Try goblet squats instead, demo-ed here by Health‘s contributing fitness editor Kristin McGee. While they will still slim and sculpt your glutes, quads, and core like the original version, the addition of a weight ups the degree of difficulty of this classic lower-body blaster. The result: sexy sculpted legs and a firmer tush.

RELATED: The Squat Mistake Even Fit People Make

Here’s how to do it: Stand with feet a little wider than shoulder-width apart, toes slightly flared. Hold a kettlebell (or dumbbell) at chest height with elbows pointing down. Keeping back straight, shift weight into heels, bend knees, sit back, and lower body down until thighs are at least parallel to ground. Don’t let your knees go past your toes. Drive through heels, straighten legs, and rise back to standing. This is one rep. Do 3 sets of 10 to 15 reps.

Trainer tip: When choosing your weight, pick one that is heavy enough to make it difficult to complete the last rep or two in each set with proper form.

Try it: Goblet Squat




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