7 Things Every Woman Should Know About UTIs

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Chances are, you’ve experienced the agonizing telltale symptoms of a urinary tact infection (UTI): the constant need to pee, and the awful burning sensation every time you go. UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, resulting in more than 8 million doctors visits each year.

“UTIs are most often caused when bacteria gets into the urethra,” which is the tube that allows urine to pass out of the body, explains Daniela Carusi, MD, assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. They can occur in any part of the urinary tract — kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra. Most of the time, your body flushes out the bacteria with your pee, no problem. But sometimes, the bacteria stick around, and grow. While most women will notice it when it hurts to pee, some may just feel a dull pelvic ache or even develop a fever.

Whether it’s your first UTI or you’ve had one multiple times, we’ve got the facts on what you need to know to deal with this common problem.

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See your doctor

If you’re feeling the burn, don’t wait around. You need to see a doctor, stat to prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the urinary tract like the kidneys. While there are over-the-counter remedies to help you feel better (more on those later), only antibiotics can cure an active infection.

Your doc can take a urine sample and do a rapid, in-office test for infection. Sometimes other down-there problems like yeast infections can mimic the symptoms of a UTI, so she’ll want to know exactly what’s going on. If the test is positive, she can prescribe the correct antibiotic.

While all UTIs require prompt treatment, this is particularly important if you’re pregnant. “If you don’t treat it, even in the early phases, it can cause early labor,” Dr. Carusi says.

Pain relief is within reach

The good news: Once the antibiotics kick in, you’ll start feeling much better. The bad news: It might take a day or two. How can you find relief if you’re in crazy pain while waiting for a doctor’s appointment or the antibiotics to work their magic?

The best thing you can do is drink lots of water. Yes, this will make you pee more, but frequent bathroom trips will help move the bacteria out of your system. Plus, the extra water will dilute your urine, taking away some of the sting. “Keeping the bladder flushed can help with the pain while waiting for treatment,” says Dr. Carusi.

Over-the-counter medication like AZO, which acts like an antiseptic for your bladder, can also diminish your discomfort. Pain relievers like ibrporfen can help ease your aches and any flu-like symptoms.

RELATED: Gotta Go? 13 Reasons for Urine Trouble

You can get a UTI again…and again

Sad, but true: Your first UTI is likely not your last. “Recurrent UTI is fairly common,” explains Jennifer Ashton, MD, an obstetrician-gynecologist and co-host of The Doctors.

They come back for a number of reasons. A common one: not finishing your antibiotics can allow lingering bacteria to multiply and re-start the infection, so be sure to finish the entire prescribed course, even after you start feeling better.

Also, simply being female puts you at risk for repeat infections because women have shorter urethras compared to men, which makes it easier for bacteria to get in to the tract and reach the bladder, Dr. Carusi says.

Sex causes it, too

No, UTIs aren’t a sexually transmitted disease, but the physical act of sex can bring them on. “Since the urethra sits right next to the vagina, bacteria in the vagina can move around and get into the urethra and the bladder,” Dr. Carusi says.

To help lower your risk of infection, pee right before and after your next romp in bed to flush the urethra of bacteria. An extra step you can take if you’re already doing that: pee, then clean the area around the vagina and rectum with a wet wipe.

RELATED: Urine Test Can Diagnose HPV, Analysis Finds

It may also be your birth control

Spermicide, condoms, and diaphragms are all good forms of birth control. The downside? They may also irritate the skin around your vagina and urethra, making it easier for bacteria to invade, Dr. Carusi says. Diaphrams can also decrease the flow of urine so it’s harder to empty the bladder fully, which creates a ripe environment for bacteria to multiply.

If you’re experiencing re-current infections, and peeing after sex isn’t helping, you might consider discussing other types of birth control with your doctor. It may be as simple as switching condom brands.

Cranberry juice really might help

We’ve all heard the old wives tale about cranberry juice being great for your bladder. While a helping of cranberry can’t treat an infection, drinking cranberry juice in addition to staying hydrated generally might be helpful for supporting the health of your urinary tract.

“The theory is that [cranberry juice] interferes with the bacterial ability to adhere to the bladder wall,”  Dr. Ashton says.

It’s not just a young woman’s issue.

While sexually active young women are very prone to UTIs, that doesn’t mean older women aren’t at-risk too. As hormone levels drop during menopause, your skin gets more fragile…even down there. “The skin in the vagina and urethra changes quite a bit,” says Dr. Carusi. “It gets thinner and can be more susceptible to infections.”

Fortunately, applying a topical estrogen cream, available by prescription from your doctor, often helps. Bonus: these creams can help with vaginal lubrication and relieve symptoms of vaginal irritation that can be a problem during menopause, too.

RELATED: Why You’re a Better Liar When You Have to Pee

 

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Here’s Why Snapchat Is the Happiest Social Network, According to Science

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Now might be the time to abandon Facebook as your go-to social media network and join your teenager on Snapchat. Why? It may be the “happier” platform, according to a new study.

To reach their findings, researchers at the University of Michigan recently observed the social media habits of 154 students over a two-week period and interviewed them about their moods. In the end they found that Snapchat produced the most enjoyable interactions out of any of the other big social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

RELATED: 5 Signs You Should Take a Break from Social Media

So what exactly makes Snapchat so enjoyable? Bayer and his team found that because Snapchat users typically share smaller, spontaneous moments, and so they tend to be less “self-presentational.” In other words, users on that platform are less concerned with crafting the perfect image, and their interactions are more about having fun. ”

Another benefit: content posted on Snapchat can only be viewed for a limited period of time (e.g., ten seconds) whereas on most other social networks, what you post is more or less there forever. So there’s less obsessing over what you post. Users also like the quick back-and-forth functionality and the ability to use numerous filters, emojis, and doodles for entertainment.

It really boils down to to enjoying the little things, the study’s lead author Joseph Bayer explained in a press release.”Since Facebook has become a space for sharing crafted big moments such as babies, graduations and birthdays, Snapchat seems to provide users with a distinct space for sharing the small moments.”

RELATED: 12 Worst Habits For Your Mental Health

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Each 1-Day Delay in Hospitalization Ups Risk of Ebola Death

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Ebola patients are much more likely to survive if they are hospitalized soon after being infected, a new study finds.

Researchers analyzed data from nearly 1,000 cases of Ebola virus that occurred in the Democratic Republic of Congo over 38 years. They found that each day of delay in hospital admission was associated with an 11 percent higher risk of death during epidemics.

Delays in hospitalization were caused by factors such as geography, infrastructure and cultural influences, the researchers said.

The Democratic Republic of Congo has had more Ebola outbreaks than any other country since the deadly virus was discovered in 1976, they noted.

The researchers also found that rapidly progressing Ebola outbreaks are swiftly brought under control, while national and international responses to slower-progressing outbreaks tend to be less intense. As a result, those outbreaks last longer, the study authors said.

The study was published Nov. 3 in the journal eLife.

Another finding was that nearly all the epidemics in the study were in decline before national or international efforts — such as creating isolation centers — were in place. Behavioral changes by people in the affected communities could explain these early declines in the outbreaks, Alicia Rosello, of University College London and Public Health England, and colleagues said in a journal news release.

The study also discovered that adults aged 25 to 64 were more likely to be affected by Ebola than people of other ages. This is similar to what occurred during the recent outbreak in West Africa. One possible reason for this is that adults in this age group are most likely to care for Ebola patients, the researchers said.

During the outbreaks examined in the study, children aged 5 to 15 were least likely to be infected with Ebola or to die from it. In contrast, the study found that all children under age 2 who were infected with Ebola died.

More information

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has more about Ebola.

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Gratitude May Be Key to Wedded Bliss

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Happily married couples are often asked about the secret to their marital success. A new study suggests that it may be as simple as remembering to say “thank you.”

For the study, University of Georgia researchers surveyed nearly 500 married people about their finances, communication with their spouse and whether their spouse expressed gratitude.

The most important predictor of marriage quality was gratitude from a spouse, the investigators found.

“We found that feeling appreciated and believing that your spouse values you directly influences how you feel about your marriage, how committed you are to it, and your belief that it will last,” study co-author Ted Futris said in a university news release. He is an associate professor in the College of Family and Consumer Sciences.

Study author Allen Barton added, “It goes to show the power of ‘thank you.’ ”

Even if a couple is experiencing distress and difficulty, gratitude can help bring about positive marital outcomes, suggested Barton, who is a postdoctoral research associate in the university’s Center for Family Research.

“Importantly,” Futris said, “we found that when couples are engaging in a negative conflict pattern — like demand/withdrawal — expressions of gratitude and appreciation can counteract or buffer the negative effects of this type of interaction on marital stability.”

Barton said the study was the first to document the protective effect that feeling appreciated by your spouse can have for marriages.

“We think it is quite important as it highlights a practical way couples can help strengthen their marriage, particularly if they are not the most adept communicators in conflict,” he said.

The study was published recently in the journal Personal Relationships.

More information

The American Psychological Association offers relationship advice.

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Kidney Transplant ‘Tourism’ Comes With Risks: Study

By Amy Norton
HealthDay Reporter

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — When people languish on a wait-list for a kidney transplant, they may start to consider a desperate measure: Traveling to a country where they can buy a donor kidney on the black market.

But beyond the legal and ethical pitfalls, experts say, the health risks are not worth it.

Most countries ban the practice, sometimes called “transplant tourism,” and it has been widely condemned on ethical grounds. Now a new study highlights another issue: People who buy a donor kidney simply do not fare as well.

Researchers in Bahrain found that people who traveled abroad to buy a kidney — to countries like the Philippines, India, Pakistan and Iran — sometimes developed serious infections.

Those infections included the liver diseases hepatitis B and C, as well as cytomegalovirus, which can be life-threatening to transplant recipients, the investigators said.

In addition, people who bought donor kidneys also faced higher rates of surgical complications and organ rejection, versus those who received a legal transplant in their home country.

Dr. Amgad El Agroudy, of Arabian Gulf University, was to present the findings Friday at the annual meeting of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN), in San Diego.

It’s not clear how common it is for U.S. patients to take a chance on traveling abroad to buy a black-market kidney, according to Dr. Gabriel Danovitch, director of kidney transplantation at the University of California, Los Angeles.

“We really have no way of knowing what the numbers are,” said Danovitch, who was not involved in the study.

“But,” he added, “my sense is that the numbers are fairly small, as the dangers of transplant tourism are becoming more and more clear.”

Why is it a risky proposition? According to Danovitch, there are a few broad reasons: The paid organ donors may not be properly screened, and the recipients may not be good candidates for a transplant, to name two.

“In a paid system, the prime focus is on making money,” Danovitch said. “Centers that are willing to do these don’t really care what happens to the donors or recipients after the transplant.”

For people with advanced chronic kidney failure, the treatment options are dialysis or a transplant. But there are not enough donor organs to meet the need. In the United States, nearly one million people have end-stage kidney disease, and there are roughly 102,000 people on the waiting list for a transplant, according to the National Kidney Foundation.

Kidney transplants can come from a living or deceased donor, but living-donor transplants are more likely to be successful, according to U.S. health officials.

Ideally, Danovitch said, people find their own donor, often a family member or friend. Failing that, they go on the wait-list for a living or deceased donor organ.

Right now, the typical waiting time is nearly four years, according to federal government figures.

The donor-kidney shortage may only get worse, Danovitch said, due to high rates of obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes — major risk factors for kidney disease.

Still, buying a kidney will never be a wise choice, according to Danovitch. “Unethical medicine is bad medicine,” he said.

Dr. David Cohen, a professor at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, agreed.

“Some patients might argue that staying on dialysis has risks, too,” said Cohen, who is also a member of the ASN’s Transplant Advisory Group.

“But the doctors and nurses who care for you at home are invested in your long-term well-being,” Cohen said. “Over there [in a paid system], they’re not. They’re in it for the money. You’ll do better in the long run if you stay on the waiting list for a transplant.”

The findings are based on 270 Bahrain patients who traveled to another country to buy a donor kidney. El Agroudy’s team compared them with 123 similar patients who received a transplant from a living donor, at the researchers’ medical center.

Overall, patients who bought their organs had a higher rate of surgical complications, such as fluid buildup and obstruction in the ureters (the tubes that move urine from the kidneys to the bladder), the investigators found.

Those recipients’ organs also had a shorter life span: After one year, 91 percent of those kidneys were still functioning, versus 98 percent of kidneys that were transplanted at the Bahrain hospital.

There are, of course, risks to the paid donors, too, Danovitch pointed out. They can also suffer infections and surgical complications, and in the long term they’re at risk of deteriorating function in the remaining kidney.

Both he and Cohen encouraged kidney disease patients to stick with legal care in their home country.

“If you’ve been told you’re not a candidate for a transplant, get a second opinion,” Danovitch suggested.

But the reality, he added, is that a transplant is not a good option for some patients — such as those who are in poor health because of co-existing medical conditions.

The data and conclusions of research presented at medical meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal.

More information

The National Kidney Foundation has more on kidney transplantation.

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The Brains of Sexist People Might Literally Look Different, New Study Finds

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Although the days when women couldn’t vote or own property now seem light years away, we all know someone who clings to antiquated beliefs like, “women are too emotional to be great bosses” or even “boys don’t cry.” We tend to chalk this up to character, but could it really be that some of us are hard-wired to think this way?

According to the authors of a new study in the journal Scientific Reports, yes, that’s possible. After scanning the brains of 681 young men and women and surveying them about their beliefs, the Japanese researchers found that the brains of people with sexist views tended to be physically different from the brains of those who believe in gender equality.

The participants (306 women and 375 men) were asked to complete a questionnaire about their attitudes on role-sharing, raising children, and women in the workplace (such as whether or not they agreed with statements like “household labor should be a collaborative work between sexes”). Their responses were then measured using what researchers call the scale of sex-role egalitarianism (SRE) beliefs. Participants with more sexist views have lower SRE scores; more egalitarian people score higher.

RELATED: 10 Signs You Should See a Doctor for Depression

After scanning the students’ brains, the team teased out a connection between SRE scores and the density of gray matter in two different areas: the posterior cingulate cortex (a part of the brain that helps you process emotions like anger, pain, and fear), and the right amygdala (another area of the brain that’s important for processing emotions). Participants with more sexist views tended to have more gray matter density in the posterior cingulate cortex and less gray matter density in the right amygdala.

The study authors believe this could mean that people with sexist beliefs are more likely to exhibit hostile, competitive behaviors, and be prone to depressive tendencies. “These findings suggest that variations in stereotype on sex role have roots in the limbic brain structures linked to contentious interpersonal orientation (cingulate) and negative mood (amygdala),” they wrote. They also believe that the findings could suggest a connection between sexism and negative things like a tendency toward low mood and anger.

No doubt, these are fascinating findings, but there is one big caveat: “The correlations were not high,” the authors admit, “and other factors such as education, family, or parental environmental factors may have had a impact on an individual’s SRE.”

In other words, until more research is done, it’s not time yet to blame your sexist uncle’s backwards views wholly on brain structure. There’s still hope for changing his mind after all.

RELATED: 17 Ways to Age-Proof Your Brain

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Sleepwalkers Feel No Pain When Injured: Study

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Some sleepwalkers don’t feel pain when they suffer an injury — even a severe one — during a sleepwalking episode, a new study finds.

But sleepwalkers are at increased risk for headaches and migraines when they’re awake, the researchers added.

The researchers assessed 100 sleepwalkers and a control group of 100 people with normal sleep habits, and found that the sleepwalkers were nearly four times more likely to suffer headaches and 10 times more likely to suffer migraines.

Among the 47 who had suffered at least one injury during sleepwalking, 79 percent said they did not feel pain at the time and remained asleep despite the injury, according to the study in the November issue of the journal Sleep.

“Our most surprising result was the lack of pain perception during the sleepwalking episodes,” principal investigator Regis Lopez, a psychiatrist and sleep medicine specialist at Hospital Gui de Chauliac in Montpellier, France, said in a journal news release.

This is the first study to find that some sleepwalkers do not feel pain, according to Lopez.

One patient suffered severe broken bones after jumping out of a third-floor window while sleepwalking, but did not feel the pain until waking up. Another patient broke his leg while sleepwalking onto the roof of his house and falling off, but did not wake up until morning.

“Our results may help to understand the mechanisms of the sleepwalking episodes,” Lopez said. “We hypothesize that a dissociate state of arousal may modify the components of sleep-wake behavior, consciousness, and also pain perception.”

Sleepwalking affects up to 4 percent of adults, according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

More information

The U.S. National Library of Medicine has more about sleepwalking.

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Pregnant and Got the Blues? Get More Exercise to Protect Your Health

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — It’s a vicious cycle: Pregnant women who are depressed sit a lot, increasing their risk for greater weight gain and diabetes, a new study shows.

More than 1,260 pregnant women provided researchers information about their physical activity levels and mental health in their first trimester and the later stages of their second trimester.

Women who were depressed were more likely to sit for longer periods, and those who spent more time sitting in the second trimester also did less physical activity.

Researchers found that inactive women gained significant amounts of weight between the first and second trimester and had higher blood sugar levels around 28 weeks of pregnancy, putting them at increased risk for gestational diabetes.

The study was presented this week at the Society for Endocrinology’s annual meeting in Edinburgh, Scotland.

The researchers said their findings show the need for looking after women’s physical and mental health from the early stages of pregnancy.

“Pregnant women could benefit from early intervention to improve their physical and mental health and reduce the risks associated with sedentary behavior,” study author Nithya Sukumar, a research fellow at Warwick Medical School in the U.K., said in a society news release.

“Gestational diabetes can increase the risk of birth complications for the mother and baby, and so it is important we minimize this risk by reducing the time that pregnant women spend sitting down,” Sukumar added.

Study co-author Ponnusamy Saravanan, an associate clinical professor at Warwick, agreed.

“Encouraging women to take breaks from sitting down might be an easier public health policy to implement than increasing their physical activity during pregnancy,” he said in the news release. “We believe reducing the sitting time has the potential to reduce pregnant women’s risk of gestational diabetes and reduce the metabolic risk factors of their newborns.”

Research presented at medical meetings is typically considered preliminary because it does not receive the same scrutiny as studies published in medical or scientific journals.

More information

The American Academy of Family Physicians has more about exercise during pregnancy.

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Talk Therapy May Beat Light Treatment for SAD: Study

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — As winter’s short days approach, more people will suffer from the depression of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Now, new research suggests that talk therapy is better than light-box therapy in preventing relapses of the ailment.

“SAD is a type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern based on the duration of sunlight present during the day,” explained one expert not connected to the study, Dr. Matthew Lorber.

“In the early 1980s, it was discovered that people were more likely to get depressed during the winter due to decreased exposure to sunlight,” said Lorber, who is acting director of child and adolescent psychiatry at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

Lorber said that the American Psychiatric Association now recommends “light therapy” — timed, daily exposure to bright artificial light — as the treatment of choice for SAD.

The new study, led by psychology professor Kelly Rohan of the University of Vermont in Burlington, pitted light therapy against talk therapy in the treatment of SAD. The study included 177 people with SAD who received six weeks of treatment with either form of therapy.

The talk therapy was cognitive behavioral therapy, a treatment approach that taught people to challenge negative thoughts about dark winter months and to avoid behaviors, such as social isolation, that can harm mood.

In the first winter after initial treatment, both groups had similar relief from symptoms of depression associated with SAD, the findings showed. However, two winters after initial treatment, recurrence of depression symptoms occurred in 46 percent of those in the light therapy group, compared with only 27 percent of those in the talk therapy group.

Those in the light therapy group also tended to have more severe symptoms of depression than those who’d received the talk therapy, Rohan’s team said.

Many people also find it tough to stick to light therapy over the long term, Rohan added.

Patients have to “keep using the treatment for it to be effective,” she explained in a university news release. “Adhering to the light therapy prescription upon waking for 30 minutes to an hour every day for up to five months in dark states can be burdensome.”

The investigators found that, by the second winter, only 30 percent of patients in the light therapy group were still using the equipment.

In contrast, talk therapy is a preventive treatment, Rohan said. Once SAD patients learn the basic skills, the therapy has long-term effects that give them a sense of control over their depressive symptoms.

For his part, Lorber agreed that talk therapy shows real promise against SAD.

“Although more research needs to be done, this study shows how behavioral therapy plays a vital role in treating SAD and ultimately may serve as a cure,” he said.

The study was published online Nov. 5 in the American Journal of Psychiatry.

More information

The American Academy of Family Physicians has more about SAD.

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Weight-Loss Surgery May Bring Long-Term Benefits to Very Obese Teens

FRIDAY, Nov. 6, 2015 (HealthDay News) — Weight-loss surgeries, long used by obese adults to drop excess pounds, may provide long-lasting health benefits to very obese teenagers, a new study finds.

The study of extremely obese teens found that, three years after either gastric bypass surgery or a procedure called sleeve gastrectomy, the average patient had lost 27 percent of his or her original weight.

What’s more, many also showed remission of obesity-linked ills such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

“We found significant improvements in weight, cardiometabolic health and weight-related quality of life at three years after the [weight-loss] procedure,” wrote a team led by Dr. Thomas Inge, of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

His team published the findings online Nov. 6 in the New England Journal of Medicine, to coincide with a planned presentation of the findings at the Obesity Week annual meeting in Los Angeles.

Outcomes from the two types of weight-loss surgery were examined in the new study. In a gastric bypass, surgeons make a pouch at the top of the stomach that holds about a cup of food. That pouch is then attached directly to the middle portion of the small intestine, rerouting food past the first section of the gut.

In a sleeve gastrectomy, surgeons remove more than 85 percent of the stomach and shape the remainder into a sleeve or tube, but they don’t alter how the food travels through the gut. Weight loss with sleeve gastrectomy is generally slower than gastric bypass, and for some patients, this procedure is the first step before a full bypass.

In the study, Inge’s team tracked three-year outcomes for 242 very obese teens averaging 17 years of age. The teens had an average body-mass index (BMI) of 53.

BMI is a measurement of weight and height. A person with a BMI of 25 is typically considered overweight, and the threshold for obesity begins at a BMI of 30. A 5-foot 7-inch, 17-year-old girl weighing 340 pounds would have a BMI of 53.

The study found that the teens averaged a weight loss of about 27 percent over three years regardless of which surgery was used.

The teens also generally felt that their quality of life had improved after the surgery.

In terms of health outcomes, 95 percent of patients who had had type 2 diabetes before their surgery were in remission from the disease three years later, and rates of remission for high cholesterol and high blood pressure were 66 percent and 74 percent, respectively. Marked improvements in kidney function were also noted, the researchers added.

There were some downsides to weight-loss surgeries, however. For example, 13 percent of the teens had to undergo at least one more “intra-abdominal procedure” within the three years of their weight-loss surgery, and 57 percent experienced anemia linked to low blood levels of iron.

“Surgery does come at a cost, documented by incidents of patients requiring additional procedures and need for lifetime vitamin supplementation,” said one expert, Dr. Mitchell Roslin, chief of obesity surgery at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City.

“However, the net results [for obese teens] are mostly positive and further demonstrate that surgery is the only means to potentially reverse this negative cycle,” he added.

Roslin also believes that “improved results will be obtained” for patients as weight-loss surgery techniques get better over time.

More information

For more on child obesity, head to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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